1861-1877

terms:
 * Fort** **Sumter** **–** in Union hands, Confederates opened fire on April 12, 1861. Caused patriotic indignation in the North
 * Jefferson Davis –** president of Confederacy
 * Battle of Bull Run –** North attacked the South, who counterattacked and routed the North
 * Stonewall Jackson –** Confederate general
 * “Anaconda Plan” –** General Scott’s (Union) navy would blockade ports in the South to try to force them to submit
 * George B. McClellan –** North’s first military hero, not a great commander, missed many opportunities
 * “greenbacks” & “yellowbacks” –** yellowbacks were redeemable in the North (gold supplies); greenbacks weren’t redeemable
 * Radical Republicans –** large majorities of Republicans became more and more influential. Uncompromising on issues with slaves – wanted abolition and full rights
 * Thaddeus Stevens –** a prominent Radical Republican
 * “Peace Democrats”/ “Copperheads” –** opposed to the war, wanted a negotiated peace
 * Charles Francis Adams –** American minister in London, dealt with problems (Great Britain wanted to support the Confederacy)
 * Battle of Glorietta Pass –** indecisive battle, but ended the Confederate threat to the Far West
 * Ulysses S. Grant –** used armored gunboats, captured forts, successful Union general
 * Albert Sidney Johnston –** Confederate who attacked at Shiloh
 * Battle of Shiloh –** Confederate advantage was lost. Grant allowed them to escape, damaging his reputation
 * //USS Monitor// & the //Merrimack// –** 1st fight between armored warships, not much happened; waters were secure to the North
 * Robert E. Lee –** Confederate general, master at tactics
 * Henry W. Halleck –** in charge of Union army, but later demoted
 * John Pope –** made a new army, but was a bad general so he was also replaced
 * Battle of Antietam –** Lee’s failed invasion of the North; McClellan was dismissed for not pursuing him
 * The Emancipation Proclamation –** slaves in places that were rebelling were freed on January 1, 1863
 * The Conscription Act –** must be drafted, but you could fight, hire someone else, of pay so no one goes in your place
 * Draft Riots –** most hated the principle of conscription, so they protested; the act was temporarily suspended
 * Massachusetts****’ 54th –** 1st black regiment, Bureau of Colored Troops supervised enlistment
 * Ambrose E. Burnside –** new Union army commander, too aggressive
 * Battle** **of Fredericksburg –** Lee had an advantage by Burnside still attacked; Lee was very moved by the battle and Burnside was evacuated
 * Joseph “Fighting Joe” Hooker –** replaced Burnside, but wasn’t any better – more like McClellan
 * Battle** **of Chancelorsville –** Stonewall Jackson was accidentally shot by his own troops despite their victory; blow to Union morale
 * George G. Meade –** new head of the Union army
 * Battle** **of Gettysburg –** Confederate army was spent, unbroken Union lines; on the 4th of July Meade just let the Confederates leave
 * Battle of Vicksburg –** needed for supplies by the Confederates; Grant attacked and the Confederates lost Texas and Arkansas
 * Homestead Act –** 160 acres given to anyone who would farm the land for 5 years
 * Morrill** **Land** **Grant Act –** gave states land at a rate of 30000 acres for each Congress member supporting state agricultural colleges
 * Pacific Railway Act –** subsidies for land and money to build a transcontinental RR
 * National Banking Act –** gave the country a uniform currency in 1863
 * Captain Sally Tompkins and Kate Cumming –** female nurses, left records of experiences
 * Elizabeth Backwell –** 1st American woman doctor of medicine, founded New York Infirmary for Women and Children
 * Clara Barton –** among 1st to dress wounds on the battlefield
 * William Tecumseh Sherman –** burned through Georgia, destroyed Confederate morale
 * Battle** **of the Wilderness –** attrition, Grant could replace men and munitions but Lee couldn’t. Grant gained his objective but lost a lot of public favor
 * Andrew Johnson –** with Lincoln on the National Union ticket, former Democrat
 * Sherman****’s “March to the Sea” –** burning through Georgia, destroyed southern resources; only goal was the psychological effect
 * Appamatttox Court** **House –** Confederates couldn’t withstand federal pressure anymore. Lee realized resistance was futile and surrendered on April 9, 1865 with Grant (it was prearranged)
 * Abraham Lincoln –** North and South liked him, so did former slaves
 * John Wilkes Booth –** killed Lincoln and ended any hopes of a mild peace
 * Presidential Reconstruction –** Civil War didn’t cause too much intersectional hatred, but the question was how to bring the South back into the US
 * “Ten Percent Plan” –** Lincoln’s idea; 10% of each state could swear loyalty before the constitution of the state could be rewritten and before each state could be brought back into the US
 * Wade-Davis Bill –** constitutional conventions in the South were allowed only after a majority had taken a loyalty oath
 * Andrew Johnson –** president after Lincoln’s assassination; later impeached by not convicted; opposite of Lincoln
 * 13th Amendment –** abolished slavery
 * Black Codes –** Southern controls on former slaves; the North didn’t like them
 * Civil Rights Act –** blacks were citizens and the states couldn’t restrict them in court; basically put “teeth” into the 13th Amendment
 * 14th Amendment –** radical, extended citizenship to the former slaves
 * First Reconstruction Act –** divided the former Confederacy into 5 military districts each controlled by a military general
 * Tenure of Office Act / impeachment –** Senate had to ratify firings made by the President; Johnson disobeyed this and was impeached. He wasn’t convicted, mostly to keep the honor of the name “president”.
 * Ulysses S. Grant –** next president, not very effective
 * 15th Amendment –** black men were allowed to vote; usually voted Republican (party of Lincoln)
 * “scalawags” –** Southerners who wanted to cooperate with Northern Republicans
 * “carpetbaggers” –** Northerners who went to the South to help freed slaves
 * “40 acres and a mule” –** blacks were given a small plot of land
 * sharecropping –** blacks and others working on plantations got to keep some of the products
 * crop-lien system –** landowners borrowed against one harvest for seed; caused by lack of money by those working the land
 * Ku Klux Klan –** secret terrorist society against blacks; violent
 * Force Acts –** 3 of them; said elections were under federal jurisdiction, so there would be fines and/or prison time for people interfering with others’ (usually blacks’) right to vote freely; broke up KKK (many members were arrested)
 * Whiskey Ring affair –** showed Grant’s inability to deal with government corruption; Grant’s private secretary (Orville E. Babcock) cost the government millions in taxes
 * Horace Greeley –** editor of Liberal Republican party magazine //NY Tribune//
 * Rutherford B. Hayes –** Republican candidate for 1876, untarnished reputation; eventually won after the disputed election was resolved
 * Samuel J. Tilden –** Democrat from NY also nominated, broke up Tweed Ring in NYC, wealthy lawyer

A lot of these terms aren't very important, especially the battles generals. The Union had a lot of unsuccessful generals, unlike the South, who had Robert E. Lee.